Also the collision can happen by an external source, such as cosmic radiation. &)
Up to the begin of Oreon hypothesis Physics Sciences
The world with oreons
A new understanding
of nuclei and particles
C o n t e n t s
Preface
1 Introduction
2 The oreon hypothesis
3.Electrons and quantum physics
4 Nuclei
5 Nuclear transmutations and energy
6 Exotes
7 Neutralons
8 Unification of forces
Appendices
Searched: sponsors, donors or grants
Preface
If a physicist tries to describe certain natural phenomena, while seemingly good,
but afterwards clumsy principles or postulates have been proposed, the scholars
must exercise ever more complex solutions to get credible results.
The author of the oreon hypothesis has the strong impression
that this has happened to nuclear physics and it is still up to date.
Nuclear physics has become unnecessarily complicated. The scholars can
determine themselves whether this impression is correct.
Unfortunately the oreon hypothesis contains many assumptions.
This is less attractive, but the author always shows the need
to (let) effect certain experiments to transform the hypothesis
into physical theory. The author hopes that appropriate institutes
are willing to perform experiments so that the hypotheses can be
refuted or hopefully be confirmed.
The hypothesis expects motivated billions of particles in the nuclei!
This is very awkward, but there is no objection to it!
Of course, this expectation must be demonstrated.
Among the physicists, Einstein is almost an idol, because his theory of
relativity has been accepted as absolute truth by scholars and students.
The author certainly does not claim that the theory of relativity would
be wrong. He even deeply responds to the concepts developed by Einstein,
which the thinker of a new hypothesis has been educated.
Einstein's concepts are totally incompatible with the views of the author.
He developed them from 2014 to 2017. For comparison,
the author has shown Einstein's explanations in gray.
The transition from the classical conservation laws of mass and energy to
relativistic conservation of mass-energy caused the loss of two
fundamental symmetries according to Noether’s theorem.
The five conservation laws of mass, charge, energy, impulse and
angular momentum including their corresponding symmetries are iron-strong.
An important advantage of the oreon hypothesis is
that a clear coherence between the nuclear phenomena and
the events with the 'elementary particles' occurs.
Another important advantage of the oreon hypothesis is
that the concepts involve a very far-reaching
simplification of nuclear physics.
1 Introduction
1.1 To saw
1.2 Chemical reactions
1.3 Nuclear reactions
1.4 Summery
1.5 &)
1.1 To saw
If you saw a bar through, then the mass of the bar is just
a little bit more than the masses of the two peaces together.
This ‘mass defect’ is easy to explain: note the sawdust
and the mass balance can be restored easily.
1.2 Chemical reactions
Before the time of Lavoisier usually a difference in the total mass
before and after a chemical reaction occurred. When Lavoisier discovered,
that gases were involved, he could explain the mass difference.
When he used air-tight vessels, soon he could formulate the law named after him,
Lavoisier’s law, historically the first conservation law,
namely the law of conservation of mass.
1.3 Nuclear reactions
In nuclear reactions, there is also always a mass defect. Usually one uses Einstein’s E = mc2
Could it be that really some mass escapes during such a reaction?
This thought was the cause to the designs the oreon hypothesis.
The author does not claim that the theory of relativity is wrong.
He deeply respects Einstein's concepts.
The oreon theory is nothing but another description of the nuclear world.
Very simplistic: the mass loss is explained by extremely small emitted particles.
1.4 Summery
- All matter has been built only by one kind of particles, the 'oreon',
which can be charged electrically positively, neutral or negatively.
- Antimatter does not exist. It is only an illusion.
- A nucleus consists of a billion oreons.
They are bound by electrical forces and much less by magnetic forces due to spins.
Strong and weak nuclear forces have been replaced by electrical and magnetic forces.
- The known ‘elementary particles’ are failed nuclei.
- During a nuclear reaction there is always a seeming loss of mass due to escaping oreons.
Mass is not converted into energy!
The observed gain of energy is a decrease of electrical energy and a bit of magnetic energy.
The author is curious to know about the next facts.
- Is his hypothesis coherent? Does the hypothesis contradict itself?
- Does he make a mistake?
- Can all experimental facts about nuclei and particles be explained by this hypothesis?
1.5 &)
An &) at the end of a text indicates, that an experimental confirmation is desired or even needed.
2 The oreon hypothesis
2.1 Postulates about oreons
2.2 Association of oreons
2.3 Coulomb postulate
2.4 Five conservation postulates
2.5 Noether's theorem
2.6 Three postulated conservation laws for oreons
2.7 Postulate; The dissociation principle
2.8 Another conservation law
2.9 Energy conversion
2.10 Neutrinos
2.11 Electrons
2.12 The natural number No
2.13 Positrons or positive electrons?
2.14 A negpo
2.15 Neutral electrons
2.16 βo-radiation
2.17 The amount of oreons in the universe
2.1 Postulates about oreons
The whole universe consists of only one kind of matter particles, the so-called oreons.
They are the building blocks of all leptons, mesons hadrons and nuclei.
The oreons are the only real elementary particles.
They are the smallest and lightest particles in the universe.
They are so small, that current (2017) measuring instruments cannot detect them. &)
All oreons have the same mass. The symbol for that mass is ₪
. Because it is the smallest mass in the universe, this is the elementary mass.
The mass of any other particle is an integer multiple of ₪. So mass is quantified.
The elementary mass is exactly No × as small as the mass of an electron.
No is a positive integer. So m(electron) = No × ₪. (See later 2.11 because of the No)
Oreons are considered to be elastic spheres, almost making a hard sphere model.
All oreons have the same magnitude of spin, denoting as $.
$ equals half of the Dirac’s constant = ℏ/2.
$ is the elementary spin or oreon spin. (Bosons have an even spin; fermions have odd spin.)
They owe their spin to the rotation around their axes.
This is contrary to the usual concept in quantum physics.
The poreons have positive charge +€ , the elementary electric charge.
The charge of the neutral oreons, zoreons, is exactly zero.
The negatively charged oreons each have charge –€ equal to the charge of an electron.
Still one of the greatest riddles in nature is what the mechanism is
how a positive and negative charge attract each other.
The statement of virtual photons is far from adequate.
The mass, charge and spin are the basic quantities of particles.
The ₪, € and $ are three natural constants also being three basic units.
2.2 Association of oreons
Oreons can have electric and/or magnetic bonds making larger particles.
Stable constructions made of oreons can arise.
Due to an excess of positive or negative charge composite particles can be unstable.
2.3 Coulomb postulate
Although it is not certain, that Coulomb's law is correct to the very smallest distances,
the author postulates that Coulomb's law remains valid up to the level of the oreons.
So it is a postulated model.
2.4 Five conservation postulates
When two or more oreons bind or release, always apply
the law of conservation of mass,
the law of conservation of energy,
the law of conservation of charge,
the law of conservation of momentum,
the law of conservation of angular momentum.
E = mc2 does not apply under any circumstances.
A relativistic mass defect does not exist within the oreon hypothesis.
Mass defects will be discussed later.
2.5 Noether's theorem
With Noether's theorem (1915) any conservation law is associated with a particular symmetry.
The law of conservation of energy is linked to the fact that all physical laws do not change
over time. (Translational symmetry along the time axis.)
The law of conservation of mass is linked to the fact that the zero of gravitational energy
may be chosen freely. (Translational symmetry along the gravitational energy axis.)
This conservation law makes mass additive.
In the theory of relativity these two conservation laws are replaced by one conservation
law of mass-energy. Then these two corresponding symmetries disappear being painful.
The law of conservation of charge is linked to the fact that the
zero point of electric energy or potential can be chosen freely.
(Translational symmetry along the electrical energy axis or the potential axis.)
The law of conservation of momentum is linked to the fact that measuring results
'here and there' (under the same circumstances) should yield the same result.
(Translational symmetry in the three dimensional space.)
The law of conservation of angular momentum is linked to the fact that rotation
over any angle in space does not affect the laws of nature. (Rotation-symmetry.)
2.6 Three postulated conservation laws for oreons
the law of conservation of positive oreons,
the law of conservation of neutral oreons and
the law of conservation of negative oreons.
Such a conservation is linked to the independency of the begin amount.
2.7 Postulate; The dissociation principle
As a particle (A) decomposes into the smaller particles B and C,
then in advance all of the fragments of B and C were in A.
Although this principle was always applied in the chemistry,
this principle is also useful for these new nuclear-physics and exotes.
The additivity and the dissociation principle apply in particular for a nucleus.
2.8 Another conservation law
By naming atoms neutral ions in chemistry the law of conservation
of number of ions can be formulated:
during every chemical reaction the number of ions
of each related element remains constant.
2.9 Energy conversion
During the binding of oreons the electrical energy decreases
while the rotational energy as well as the internal vibration energy
of the composite particles increase. Also photons occur.
By mutual collisions of the composite particles the rotation and
vibration energy can be converted into thermal energy.
2.10 Neutrinos
A neutrino consists of a small number of positive and
an equal amount of negative oreons.
Some neutral, magnetically bound oreons may be added.
So multiple types of neutrinos may exist.
2.11 Electrons
In an electron the difference of the numbers of
negative and positive oreons equals one.
An electron is a stable particle with mass = No × ₪, charge – € and spin $.
2.12 The natural number No
The mass of an electron = No × ₪ or No × the mass of an oreon.
The author has searched for the largest common divisor of the masses of neutrinos,
electrons and all known stable nuclei. Because the mass of neutrino's is not yet known exactly,
it can only be mentioned that the natural number No (the electron's mass) equals one of the values
1,735,558 1,736,995 1,74,9757 1,752,460 1,789,123 1,790344 1,791,314 1,792,535 1,792,969 2,183,348
When the mass of the electron-neutrino is accurately determined, the correct value of No can be chosen.
2.13 Positrons or positive electrons?
In a positive electron the number of positive oreons minus
the number of negative oreons equals one.
It is a stable particle with mass = No × ₪, charge + € and spin $.
A positive electron is ordinary matter! Oreon theory has no antimatter.
In oreon hypothesis antimatter is completely susperfluous.
Antimatter was a serious interpretation error of Dirac seen from the oreon hypothesis.
Mass is never negative. Positrons do not exist.
2.14 A negpo
When a positive and negative electron approach each other and hit
they do not annihilate, but they form a bond.
An electric dipole (+ –) arises., called a negpo, which also has
a magnetic quadrupole (↑ ↓), &)
To avoid the idea of the concept of antimatter the author does not speak
any longer about a positron but about a positive electron.
The unstable positronium 'atom' is known, a positron and electron moving around each other.
Soon they 'annihilate'. In fact they were a positive and negative electron becoming soon a negpo.
2.15 Neutral electrons
Postulate: neutral electrons exist. A neutral electron has been
composed of an equal amount of positive en negative oreons.
An odd number of neutral oreons is added due to the spin.
Neutral electrons cannot run around a nucleus due to lack of charge.
The author considers to introduce the names pelectrons, nelectrons and zelectrons.
(p = positive, n = negative and z = zero.)
2.16 βo-radiation
Postulate: neutral electrons are sometimes emitted from a nucleus as a still
unknown type of radioactivity, βo radiation in addition to β- and β+ radiation. &)
Who will discover the neutral electrons? &)
2.17 The amount of oreons in the universe
Presumably, the number of positive oreons or poreons in the universe equals the
number of noreons, because then the universe is electrically neutral.
Presumably the universe is apolar.
The number of neutral zoreons in the universe is completely unpredictable.
3. Electrons and quantum physics
3.1 Electrons around a nucleus
3.2 Three presentations and maybe another
3.3 The nature of quantum physics
3.1 electrons around a nucleus
In the oreon hypothesis electrons move with many km/s in the space of
an ion sizing, say, a nanometer. Thereby it seems an electron in the
ion is present everywhere at once. In photography it is called motion blur.
The quantum physicists claim, that an electron has been 'smeared'
in the space around the nucleus.
The negative electrons move around the positive nucleus.
For this centripetal force is needed, provided by the electrical attraction.
Constantly electrons repel each other with their negative charges.
Also vibrations of the nucleus and moves outside the ion contribute
to a serious disturbance of an ideal orbit around the nucleus.
All this can lead to an enormous chaos.
It's almost to conceive as a miracle, that in this apparent chaos
the quantum physicists have been able to order and describe
electron orbits (K, L, M, ...) and their orbitals (s, p, d, f, ...).
With the help of many thousands of measurements at ions it has been
discovered which orbits and orbitals are more probable than others.
The quantum physics describes in a mathematical way the possible
probability distribution over all possible states in an ion.
Often the ion can jump from one energy state into another and
these transitions have a certain (un-) probability.
Some transitions are impossible because of a threatening violation
of, for example, the law of conservation of angular momentum.
Such an impossible transition is called a forbidden transition.
3.2 Three presentations and maybe one more
Quantum physics has three presentations, which are completely equivalent:
– the <bra| and |ket> format of Paul Dirac, also called the Dirac notation,
– the complex wave functions of Erwin Schrödinger and
– the matrix notation developed by Werner Heisenberg, Max Born and Pascual Jordan.
Three presentations combined are redundant 'luxury' and actually irritating for the student.
It would be nice if one presentation gets the preference.
In essence always probability distributions and eigenvalues have been involved,
while the Schrödinger's wave functions and matrices are really only mathematical tools.
Therefore, it would be great to find a formalism that probabilities and
eigenvalues combines directly, a challenge for didactics of quantum physics.
3.3 The nature of quantum physics
Quantum physics describes a lot and well and is very functional. But it explains nothing!
Quantum physics is nothing but a part of the probability theory applied to physical objects.
So it is applied mathematics.
4 Nuclei
4.1 Other suppositions
4.2 Each nucleus is a construction of billions of oreons.
4.3 Heisenberg’s indeterminacy
4.4 The form of a nucleus
4.5 (Un-) stability
4.6 The electrical charge of nuclei
4.7 Isomers
4.8 Isotopes
4.9 Equitopes, a new phenomenon
4.10 Isotonen, isodiaphers and mirror nuclei
4.11 The encoding of the composition of a nucleus
4.1 Other suppositions
In the new nucleus model protons, neutrons as well as strong and weak nuclear forces, quarks, gluons and colour forces lack.
String and branes assumptions are completely superfluous.
Protons and neutrons occur only during specific
radioactive decay as free particles.
A proton is still a 1H1 nucleus.
4.2 Each nucleus is a construction of billions of oreons.
If the mass of a nucleus is known thanks to the mass spectrometer,
the number of oreons can be calculated:
divide the ion mass by ₪. Do not forget the electrons.
4.3 the Heisenberg’s indeterminacy
Due to the Heisenberg’s indeterminacy an electron would not be able
to exist in a nucleus, many quantum physicists always said. The position
of the electron would be known extremely accurate, because the nucleus
is gigantically small. And the impulse of the electron in the nucleus
must be zero average. But in a unique time point the impulse is completely unknown.
The same applies to oreons. The nucleus can be built by oreons.
The indeterminacy principle is only important during measurements.
The mass, charge and spin of the nucleus determine the distribution
of positive, negative and neutral oreons in that nucleus,
but not in a unique way, as will be discussed.
4.4 The form of a nucleus
The many oreons will generally arrange in a way that the positive
and negative oreons alternate each other as much as possible.
That looks like a salt crystal. Each nucleus is an electrically
positively charged femto crystal.
However, there are marked differences with a solid electrolyte.
The oreons are fermions and therefore they must comply with the
fermi-dirac-statistics. Therefore the nucleus is a fermi-dirac-crystal.
Pairing could lead to bosons and it means, that the
crystal could transform into a bose-einstein condensate.
In the common beliefs the nucleus obeys a drop model.
The protons move in a nuclear orbital.
In the oreon hypothesis the drop model is replaced by a crystal model.
The only movement that the oreons make is a three dimensional vibration.
The integral nucleus can rotate.
4.5 (Un-) stability
- The zoreons (z = zero) are only bound with their spin to other oreons.
This is always a relatively weak magnetic link.- The more zoreons compared to the charged oreons,
the more unstable the nucleus.- The more vacancies, holes, a nucleus contains, the more unstable it is.
- Pauli's exclusion principle forces to more holes
due to the fact oreons are fermions.- Maybe more arguments for (un-)stability occur in a nucleus or
compound particle.- The more stable a nucleus is, the less likely it decays,
the longer the half-life is.
4.6 The electrical charge of nuclei
In the common physics the charge of the nucleus equals the number of protons.
Regular crystals are usually (almost) electrically neutral,
while the femto crystals are positively charged; the nucleus is positive.
In this new nuclear physics the charge of a nucleus Z
equals the algebraic sum of all charges in the nucleus,
all charges expressed in €.
4.7 Isomers
Isomers are nuclei with the same composition but with different energy.
This is because they possess different spatial structures.
The more compact, the lower the electrical and magnetic energy.
The lowest energy content is achieved with the closely packed spheres model.
4.8 Isotopes
When a zoreon or poreon-noreon-pair is added to a nucleus or is removed from it,
then an isotope of the same element is created.
Isotonen, kernen met een gelijk aantal neutronen, spelen geen rol meer.
4.9 Equitopes, a new phenomenon
If in a nucleus a poreon and noreon together are replaced by two zoreons,
then the mass and charge remain the same . In that case, by definition,
there is an other equitope.
Equitopes are a new phenomenon in the nuclear physics.
They are special isotopes. Will be continued in 5.2.3.
4.10 Isotonen, isodiaphers and mirror nuclei
Isotones, nuclei with the same amount of neutrons,
isodiaphers, nuclei with the same difference of numbers of neutrons and protons,
lost their meaning, because nuclei do not contain neutrons nor protons.
The same applies to mirror nuclei. (N ↔ Z)
4.11 The encoding of the composition of a nucleus
As an example we consider (according to the usual format) the isotope 9F19.
A new encoding is not wanted, because numbers more than a billion are very clumsy to handle.
That is why the usual format as 9F19 is preferable.
Determining the proper composition of a nucleus is not a sinecure.
The mass, charge and spin give the most important clues but do not give unambiguity.
Think of holes, equitopes and different structures.
5 Nuclear transmutations and nuclear energy
5.1 In general
5.1.1 Types of nuclear transmutations
5.1.2 ‘Mass defect’
5.1.3 Energy change in nuclear reactions
5.1.4 A new attempt to free up nuclear energy
5.1.5 No nuclear change without cause
5.2 Radioactive decay or radioactivity
5.2.1 Gamma radiation
5.2.2 Βeta-decay
5.2.3 Equitopes, very related nuclei
5.2.4 Electron capture
5.2.5 Other radioactive processes
5.2.6 Relatively few stable nuclei 5.2.7 The 'spontaneous' splitting of some very heavy nuclei
5.3 Fusion
5.3.1 Fusion of deuterium (as an example)
5.1 In general
5.1.1 Types of nuclear transmutations
Nuclei can change by different types of radioactivity, electron capture, fission, fusion and bombarding.
5.1.2 ‘Mass defect’
These nuclear transmutations can only occur with a 'mass defect'.
This mass defect is deceptive, because around 1% of the total mass is
taken away by oreons, flying-away unnoticed, bound or not.
Especially the neutral zoreons and negpoes are difficult to detect.&)
The 'mass defect' is not the cause of the nuclear reaction,
because the cause is the decrease in electrical energy.
During a nuclear reaction the total mass does not increase ever,
because the change is extremely small, that during the
reaction millions of oreons would be picked up from the surroundings.
We rely on the law of conservation of mass and count with it.
5.1.3 Energy change during nuclear reactions
The energy yielded during nuclear reactions is not the result of E = mc2.
Mass defects would be converted into energy. Here we meet
a stark contrast between the oreon hypothesis and Einstein!
The energy yield of nuclear reactions, according to the oreon hypothesis,
is the result of the decrease of the electric energy of the participating
nuclear particles. That means, that the distance of the nuclear
particles shrank on average.
To a lesser extent also the decrease of the magnetic
energy plays a role but certainly it contributes.
5.1.4 A new attempt to free up nuclear energy
Possibly the oreons vibrate in the nucleus. With suitable electromagnetic
radiation and/or magnetic fields around an alternating current it may be
possible to let vibrate the oreons more strongly, perhaps even to resonance.
It is intended to let vibrate the oreons in the nuclei
causing nuclear fission in this way.
If the released nuclear energy is more than the supplied energy,
it is possible to have found a cost-effective 'energy source'.
Basically it doesn't matter much which kind of nucleus is chosen.
The cheapest is it a common isotope as test substance.
Maybe radioactive waste can be used. That could give a nice clean up. &)
5.1.5 No nuclear change without cause
As a relatively unstable nucleus is hit by a K-or L-electron,
it might cause the decay of the nucleus.
A part of the energy of the K-electron is transferred,
enough to let decay the nucleus. So, for example, an α-particle
or proton can escape from the nucleus.
Then the quantum physical tunnel effect is not required.
There is no mathematical escape.
Another case of tunneling: the scanning tunneling microscope
Wikipedia: The scanning tunneling microscope works ...
with a needle of which the point contains only a single atom.
This probe is placed just above the object so close that the wave functions of the needle
and the object overlap. As soon this happens, tunneling of electrons occurs:
electrons can tunnel through the space between the object and the needle,
and a current starts to run. Due to the exponential decrease of the wave functions, the tunnel flow
is strongly dependent on the exact distance between the object and the needle.
By moving the needle up or down the tunnel flow can be adjusted.
In the oreon hypothesis the explanation is as follows.
Between the needle and the object in the scanning tunneling microscope an electric potential
difference is available. It causes an electrical force on each electron.
On average this force is not strong enough to let make the electrons the desired leap.
Only the fastest electrons that move just the right direction can make the jump to cause a current.
It looks like evaporation. The fastest molecules escape first.
This list is far from complete, because there are at least two hundred
Baryonen Hyperonen Omegas decay into xi’s and pions. Xis decay into lambdas and pions. Lambdas decay into protons and pions. Sigmas decay into protons and pions. Neutrons decay into protons and elektrons. Mesons Ds and Etas decay into pions. Kaons decay into pions. Pions decay into muons. Leptons Tauons decay into muons. Muons decay into elektrons.
works experimentally very well
| Z element mass spin | Z in € | m in atomic mass units | Spin in $ |
| 1H1·0081164 1 | 27Co58·9183833 7 | 48Cd105·8801272 0 | 65Tb158·8896891 3 |
| 1H2·0135534 2 | 48Cd109·8766703 0 | ||
| 28Ni57·9199827 0 | 48Cd110·8778463 1 | 66Dy159·8889912 0 | |
| 2He3·0149322 1 | 28Ni59·9154262 0 | 48Cd111·8764260 0 | 66Dy160·8907271 5 |
| 2He4·0015061 0 | 28Ni60·9156958 3 | 48Cd113·8770267 0 | 66Dy161·8905921 0 |
| 28Ni61·9129849 0 | 66Dy162·8925249 5 | ||
| 3Li6·0134773 2 | 28Ni63·9126058 0 | 49In112·8771776 9 | 66Dy163·8929685 0 |
| 4Be9·0099879 2 | 29Cu62·9136887 3 | 50Sn111·8773890 0 | 67Ho164·8935672 7 |
| 29Cu64·9118807 3 | 50Sn113·8753500 0 | ||
| 5B10·0101941 6 | 50Sn114·8759130 1 | 68Er166·8947448 7 | |
| 5B11·0065621 3 | 30Zn65·9095760 0 | 50Sn115·8743120 0 | 68Er167·8950668 0 |
| 6C11·9967085 0 | 30Zn67·9083868 5 | 50Sn117·8741740 0 | |
| 6C13·0000635 1 | 30Zn69·9088619 0 | 50Sn118·8758790 1 | 69Tm168·8963613 1 |
| 50Sn116·8755230 1 | |||
| 7N13·9992339 2 | 31Ga68·9085676 3 | 50Sn119·8747657 0 | 70Yb169·8963612 0 |
| 7N14·9962708 1 | 31Ga70·9076953 3 | 50Sn121·8760100 0 | 70Yb170·8979252 1 |
| 70Yb171·8979809 0 | |||
| 8O15·9905264 0 | 32Ge72·9059043 9 | 51Sb120·8758381 5 | 70Yb172·8998102 5 |
| 8O16·9947434 5 | 32Ge73·9036232 0 | 51Sb122·8762364 7 | 70Yb173·9004615 0 |
| 9F18·9934658 1 | 33As74·9034934 3 | 52Te121·8745177 0 | 71Lu174·9018226 7 |
| 34Se75·9005619 0 | 52Te122·8757438 0 | ||
| 10Ne19·9869542 0 | 34Se76·9012623 1 | 52Te123·8742917 1 | 72Hf175·9019108 0 |
| 10Ne20·9883612 3 | 34Se77·8986574 0 | 52Te124·8759045 1 | 72Hf176·9037229 7 |
| 10Ne21·9858992 0 | 34Se79·8978696 0 | 52Te125·8747855 0 | 72Hf177·9042010 0 |
| 52Te125·8747855 0 | 72Hf178·9063183 9 | ||
| 11Na22·9837349 3 | 35Br78·8991368 3 | 72Hf179·9070522 0 | |
| 35Br80·8970903 3 | 53 I 126·8753983 5 | ||
| 12Mg23·9784590 0 | 73Ta181·9081579 0 | ||
| 12Mg24·9792540 5 | 36Kr81·8937347 0 | 54Xe127·8739080 0 | |
| 12Mg25·9760100 0 | 36Kr82·8943871 9 | 54Xe128·8751561 1 | 74W182·9096281 1 |
| 36Kr83·8917581 0 | 54Xe129·8738847 0 | 74W183·9103363 0 | |
| 13Al26·9744075 5 | 54Xe130·8754591 3 | ||
| 37Rb84·911789738 5 | 54Xe131·8745302 0 | 75Re184·9118115 5 | |
| 14Si27·9692469 0 | |||
| 14Si228·9688149 1 | 38Sr83·8925790 0 | 55Cs132·8752800 7 | 76Os185·9121461 0 |
| 14Si29·9660899 0 | 38Sr85·8884142 0 | 76Os186·9140584 1 | |
| 38Sr86·8880311 9 | 56Ba133·8737879 0 | 76Os187·9141461 0 | |
| 15P30·9655333 1 | 38Sr87·8847661 0 | 56Ba137·8745267 0 | 76Os188·9164554 3 |
| 56Ba134·8749681 3 | 76Os189·9167549 0 | ||
| 16S31·9632937 1 | 39Y88·8844554 1 | 56Ba135·8738554 0 | 76Os191·9197886 0 |
| 16S32·9626815 3 | 56Ba136·8751069 3 | ||
| 16S33·9590896 0 | 40Zr89·8827612 0 | 77Ir190·9183533 3 | |
| 16S35·9583035 0 | 40Zr91·8830976 0 | 57La138·8750842 7 | 77Ir192·9206857 3 |
| 41Nb92·8838863 9 | |||
| 17Cl34·9595268 3 | 58Ce139·8736211 0 | 78Pt193·9198911 0 | |
| 17Cl36·9565767 3 | 42Mo93·8820479 0 | 58Ce141·8774264 0 | 78Pt194·9220019 1 |
| 42Mo94·8828017 5 | 78Pt195·9221623 0 | ||
| 18Ar39·9525087 0 | 42Mo95·8816391 0 | 59Pr140·8752866 5 | |
| 42Mo96·8829811 5 | 79Au196·9232309 3 | ||
| 19K40·9514027 3 | 60Nd141·8748085 0 | ||
| 44Ru97·8811495 0 | 60Nd142·8768995 7 | 80Hg197·9228826 0 | |
| 20Ca41·9476464 0 | 44Ru98·8818018 5 | 60Nd143·8771725 0 | 80Hg198·9243935 1 |
| 20Ca42·9477950 0 | 44Ru99·8800820 0 | 60Nd144·8796588 7 | 80Hg199·9244396 0 |
| 20Ca43·9445102 0 | 44Ru100·8814446 5 | 60Nd145·8802021 0 | 80Hg200·9264159 3 |
| 44Ru101·8802118 0 | 80Hg201·9267566 0 | ||
| 23V50·9313422 7 | 44Ru103·8812955 0 | 62Sm143·8779870 0 | 80Hg203·9296075 0 |
| 62Sm148·8831727 7 | |||
| 24Cr51·9273416 0 | 45Rh102·905504 1 | 62Sm149·8832635 0 | 81Tl202·9279092 1 |
| 24Cr52·9274835 3 | 46Pa101·8803743 0 | 62Sm151·8857204 0 | 81Tl204·9299925 1 |
| 24Cr53·9257145 0 | 46Pa103·8788013 0 | ||
| 46Pa104·8798503 5 | 63Eu152·8866698 5 | 82Pb203·9280600 0 | |
| 25Mn54·9243306 5 | 46Pa105·8782513 0 | 82Pb205·9294817 0 | |
| 46Pa107·8786573 0 | 64Gd153·8857565 0 | 82Pb206·9309133 1 | |
| 26Fe55·9206744 0 | 46Pa109·8799183 0 | 64Gd154·8875129 11 | 82Pb207·9316685 0 |
| 26Fe56·9211309 1 | 64Gd155·8870136 0 | ||
| 26Fe57·9190125 0 | 47Ag106·8793137 1 | 64Gd156·8888510 3 | |
| 47Ag108·8789687 1 | 64Gd157·8889948 0 |
This list is far from complete, because two hundred particles have been nominated,
Baryons and hyperons An omega decays into xi and pion. Xi decays into lambda and pion. Lambda decays into proton and pion. Sigma decays into proton and pion. Neutron decays into proton and electron. Mesons D and Eta decay into pions. Kaon decays into pion. Pion decays into muon. Leptons Tauon decays into muon. Muon decays into electron and (anti) neutrino
Up to the begin of Oreon hypothesis Physics Sciences